A 2025 study published in JAMA Network Open by researchers from Mayo Clinic, the University of Kansas Medical Center, and the University of Rochester Medical Center examined 5,632 people in Minnesota and Wisconsin: 419 people with a Parkinson's diagnosis and 5,113 matched controls. The researchers reported that people living within one mile of a golf course had more than twice the odds of a diagnosis, with the association fading beyond about three miles. They also reported nearly double the odds among residents whose drinking water came from groundwater-sourced service areas containing golf courses, with a stronger association where groundwater was more vulnerable.
That is an association, not proof that a golf course caused a diagnosis or that pesticides traveled through anyone's tap. The Parkinson's Foundation says plainly that the study does not prove cause and effect. It did not include direct pesticide measurements in drinking water over time, and it could not rule out other factors such as neighborhood income or traffic. The researchers' working theory involved pesticide exposure, but this was not a Charlotte study. Sources also summarize the public-water and private-well details differently, so we link them below and do not stretch the findings beyond what they can support.